Expected shortfall (ES) is a risk measure, a concept used in finance (and more specifically in the field of financial risk measurement) to evaluate the market risk or credit risk of a portfolio. It is an alternative to value at risk that is more sensitive to the shape of the loss distribution in the tail of the distribution. The "expected shortfall at q% level" is the expected return on the portfolio in the worst % of the cases.
Expected shortfall is also called conditional value at risk (CVaR), average value at risk (AVaR), and expected tail loss (ETL).
ES evaluates the value (or risk) of an investment in a conservative way, focusing on the less profitable outcomes. For high values of it ignores the most profitable but unlikely possibilities, for small values of it focuses on the worst losses. On the other hand, unlike the discounted maximum loss even for lower values of expected shortfall does not consider only the single most catastrophic outcome. A value of often used in practice is 5%.
Expected shortfall is a coherent, and moreover a spectral, measure of financial portfolio risk. It requires a quantile-level , and is defined to be the expected loss of portfolio value given that a loss is occurring at or below the -quantile.
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If is the payoff of a portfolio at some future time and then we define the expected shortfall as where is the Value at risk. This can be equivalently written as where is the lower -quantile. The dual representation is
where is the set of probability measures which are absolutely continuous to the physical measure such that almost surely.[1] Note that is the Radon–Nikodym derivative of with respect to .
If the underlying distribution for is a continuous distribution then the expected shortfall is equivalent to the tail conditional expectation defined by .[2]
Informally, and non rigorously, this equation amounts to saying "in case of losses so severe that they occur only alpha percent of the time, what is our average loss".
Example 1. If we believe our average loss on the worst 5% of the possible outcomes for our portfolio is EUR 1000, then we could say our expected shortfall is EUR 1000 for the 5% tail.
Example 2. Consider a portfolio that will have the following possible values at the end of the period:
Notice that, for convenience, the outcomes have been ordered from worst (first row) to best (last row). Also, the probabilities add up to 100% by construction.
probability | ending value |
---|---|
of event | of the portfolio |
10% | 0 |
30% | 80 |
40% | 100 |
20% | 150 |
Now assume that we paid 100 at the beginning of the period for this portfolio. Then the profit in each case is (ending value-initial investment) or:
probability | |
---|---|
of event | profit |
10% | −100 |
30% | −20 |
40% | 0 |
20% | 50 |
From this table let us calculate the expected shortfall for a few (arbitrarily chosen) values of :
expected shortfall | |
---|---|
5% | −100 |
10% | −100 |
20% | −60 |
40% | −40 |
100% | −6 |
To see how these values were calculated, consider the calculation of , the expectation in the worst 5 out of 100 cases. These cases belong to (are a subset of) row 1 in the profit table, which have a profit of -100 (total loss of the 100 invested). The expected profit for these cases is -100.
Now consider the calculation of , the expectation in the worst 20 out of 100 cases. These cases are as follows: 10 cases from row one, and 10 cases from row two (note that 10+10 equals the desired 20 cases). For row 1 there is a profit of -100, while for row 2 a profit of -20. Using the expected value formula we get
Similarly for any value of . We select as many rows starting from the top as are necessary to give a cumulative probability of and then calculate an expectation over those cases. In general the last row selected may not be fully used (for example in calculating we used only 10 of the 30 cases per 100 provided by row 2).
As a final example, calculate . This is the expectation over all cases, or
The expected shortfall increases as increases.
The 100%-quantile expected shortfall equals the Expected value of the portfolio. (Note that this is a special case; expected shortfall and expected value are not equal in general).
For a given portfolio the expected shortfall is worse than (or equal) to the Value at Risk at the same level.
The conditional version of the expected shortfall at the time t is defined by
check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert): ES_{\alpha}^t = \operatorname*{ess\sup}_{Q \in \mathcal{Q}_{\alpha}^t} E^Q[-X|\mathcal{F}_t]
This is not a time-consistent risk measure. The time-consistent version is given by
check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert): \rho_{\alpha}^t = \operatorname*{ess\sup}_{Q \in \tilde{\mathcal{Q}}_{\alpha}^t} E^Q[-X|\mathcal{F}_t]
such that
Methods of statistical estimation of VaR and ES can be found in Embrechts et al. [6] and Novak [7].